Class 8th Civics Chapter 1
๐ Chapter 1 – The Indian Constitution
๐ 1–2 Line Important Notes
Constitution = Important & Legal document of Country.
It lays down rules, ideals & principles for governance.
Indian Constitution was drafted between 1946–1949. (2 years 11 months 18 days)
It came into force on 26 January 1950.
It protects citizens from misuse of power.
It prevents tyranny(เค เคค्เคฏाเคाเคฐ) of majority.
It guarantees Fundamental Rights.
India is a Federal, Parliamentary, Secular, Democratic Republic.
๐ Important Dates
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| 1934 | Demand for Constituent Assembly (by INC) |
| December 1946 | Constituent Assembly formed |
| 26 November 1949 | Constitution adopted |
| 24 January 1950 | Members signed Constitution |
| 26 January 1950 | Constitution came into force |
๐ค Important Personalities
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar – Father of Indian Constitution, Chairman of Drafting Committee
Jawaharlal Nehru – Presented Objectives Resolution
Rajendra Prasad – President of Constituent Assembly
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Integrated princely states
๐ Why Do We Need a Constitution?
Lays down ideals of the country.
Defines structure of government.
Prevents misuse of power.
Protects minorities.
Safeguards Fundamental Rights.
๐ Key Features of Indian Constitution
1️⃣ Federalism
๐ More than one level of government.
Central Government
State Government
Panchayati Raj (Local Government)
๐ Power divided into:
Union List
State List
Concurrent List
๐ง One Line Fact:
India is called a Union of States.
2️⃣ Parliamentary Form of Government
People elect representatives.
Executive is responsible to Legislature.
Based on Universal Adult Franchise (18+).
๐ Every citizen can vote & contest elections.
3️⃣ Separation of Powers
Three organs:
| Organ | Work |
|---|---|
| Legislature | Makes laws |
| Executive | Implements laws |
| Judiciary | Interprets laws |
Legislature = Rule banane wala
-
Executive = Rule chalane wala
-
Judiciary = Rule ka faisla karne wala
๐ Legislature = Law Banata hai
๐ Jo rule banata hai
Socho school mein Principal aur teachers milkar rule banate hain:
“Late aane par fine lagega.”
Desh mein yeh kaam karti hai Parliament (Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha).
Jaise: Helmet pehna zaroori hai, tax dena zaroori hai — yeh sab rules Legislature banati hai.
⚙ Executive = Law Lagu karta hai
๐ Jo rule follow karwata hai
Ab school mein agar koi late aata hai, toh teacher fine lagwata hai.
Desh mein police, DM, IAS officers, government departments —
yeh sab ensure karte hain ki jo rule bana hai, woh log follow karein.
Isliye Executive ka kaam hai:
“Rule ko ground par apply karna.”
⚖ Judiciary = Law ka interpretation karta hai
๐ Jo decide karta hai sahi–galat
Agar koi student bole:
“Main late nahi tha, bus late thi!”
Toh Principal ya discipline committee decide karegi ki sach kya hai.
Desh mein agar kisi ko lage ki uske saath galat hua hai,
toh woh court jaata hai.
Judge decide karta hai:
-
Kanoon sahi laga ya nahi
-
Kisi ko saza milegi ya nahi
๐ Prevents concentration of power.
4️⃣ Fundamental Rights
Called the Conscience of Constitution.
6 Fundamental Rights:
Right to Equality
Right to Freedom
Right Against Exploitation
Right to Freedom of Religion
Cultural & Educational Rights
Right to Constitutional Remedies
๐ Article 32 → Heart & Soul of Constitution (Dr Ambedkar)
5️⃣ Secularism
State has no official religion.
Equal respect to all religions.
Indian model = Principled Distance
๐ Important Definitions
Constitution – Written document containing supreme laws.
Tyranny(เค เคค्เคฏाเคाเคฐ) of Majority – When majority ignores minority rights.
Sovereign – Independent country.
Polity – Organized political system.
Arbitrary – Based on personal wish, not rules.
๐ Important Keywords
Constituent Assembly
Federalism
Universal Adult Franchise
Minority Rights
Secularism
Directive Principles
Fundamental Duties
Tyranny
Executive Power
๐บ Maps & Locations (Exam Important)
India shares borders with:
| Country | Indian States Sharing Border |
|---|---|
| Bangladesh(5) | West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram |
| Bhutan(4) | Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh |
| Nepal(5) | Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim |
๐ Repeated Board Questions (With Answers)
Q1. Why does a democratic country need a Constitution?
✅ Answer:
To define powers of government.
To protect citizens’ rights.
To prevent misuse of authority.
To ensure equality & justice.
Q2. What is Federalism?
✅ Answer:
Federalism is a system in which power is divided between Central and State governments.
Q3. What is Separation of Powers?
✅ Answer:
It means division of government into Legislature, Executive and Judiciary to prevent misuse of power.
Q4. Who is known as the Father of Indian Constitution?
✅ Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Q5. When did the Constitution come into force?
✅ Answer:
26 January 1950.
๐ Situation-Based Questions (Solved)
1️⃣ If a 13-year-old child works in factory → Which Right violated?
✅ Right Against Exploitation
2️⃣ Government denies promotion to woman officer → Which Right violated?
✅ Right to Equality
3️⃣ Ban on opening Telugu school in Kerala?
✅ Cultural & Educational Rights
4️⃣ Labourers from other states not allowed to work?
✅ Right to Freedom
๐ Directive Principles (1 Line)
Guidelines to government to promote social & economic equality.
๐ Fundamental Duties (Mention Any 5)
Respect Constitution
Protect unity of India
Protect environment
Promote harmony
Safeguard public property
๐ฏ Ultra Quick Revision
Constitution adopted → 26 Nov 1949
Implemented → 26 Jan 1950
Drafted by → Constituent Assembly
Chairman → Dr B.R. Ambedkar
3 Organs → Legislature, Executive, Judiciary
Fundamental Rights - 6
India = Federal + Parliamentary + Secular
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